Suchergebnisse

The article is devoted revolutionaries narodovolets, was serving a sentence in the territory of modern Kuzbass in 1870 – 1880. The author found that the territory of modern Kuzbass exiled more twenty exiles of the narodovolets. Most of them were in the city ofMariinsk. Exiled narodovolets had a rich political past, participated in various secret societies, including the «Land and Freedom», engaged in propaganda of their ideas, involved in going to the people. At the Mariinsky they tried to stick together, some of them were married in exile. They liaise with the political exiles who are in other regions ofSiberia. The activities of the People exiles helped to increase the political activity of the local population of Kuzbass. ; Статья посвящена революционерам народовольцам, отбывавшим наказание на территории современного Кузбасса в 1870 – 1880-х гг. Автором установлено, что на территории современного Кузбасса отбывали ссылку более двух десятков ссыльных народовольцев. Большинство из них находились в городе Мариинск. Ссыльные народовольцы имели богатое политическое прошлое, участвовали в различных тайных обществах, в том числе в «Земле и воле», занимались пропагандой своих идей, участвовали в хождении в народ. В Мариинске они старались держаться вместе, некоторые из них заключили браки в ссылке. Они поддерживали связи с политическими ссыльными, находящимися в других регионах Сибири. Деятельность ссыльных народовольцев способствовала повышению политической активности местного населения Кузбасса.

Статья посвящена революционерам народовольцам, отбывавшим наказание на территории современного Кузбасса в 1870 1880-х гг. Автором установлено, что на территории современного Кузбасса отбывали ссылку более двух десятков ссыльных народовольцев. Большинство из них находились в городе Мариинск. Ссыльные народовольцы имели богатое политическое прошлое, участвовали в различных тайных обществах, в том числе в «Земле и воле», занимались пропагандой своих идей, участвовали в хождении в народ. В Мариинске они старались держаться вместе, некоторые из них заключили браки в ссылке. Они поддерживали связи с политическими ссыльными, находящимися в других регионах Сибири. Деятельность ссыльных народовольцев способствовала повышению политической активности местного населения Кузбасса. ; The article is devoted revolutionaries narodovolets, was serving a sentence in the territory of modern Kuzbass in 1870 1880. The author found that the territory of modern Kuzbass exiled more twenty exiles of the narodovolets. Most of them were in the city of Mariinsk. Exiled narodovolets had a rich political past, participated in various secret societies, including the «Land and Freedom», engaged in propaganda of their ideas, involved in going to the people. At the Mariinsky they tried to stick together, some of them were married in exile. They liaise with the political exiles who are in other regions of Siberia. The activities of the People exiles helped to increase the political activity of the local population of Kuzbass.

A review essay on a film directed by Ken Loach, Land and Freedom. This film about the Spanish Civil War -- centering around a member of the English Communist Party who enlisted in the Partido Obrero de Unificacion Marxista (POUM), & fought with the POUM militia on the Aragon front in 1936/37 -- has met with critical & general success throughout Europe. The story traces the protagonist's desire to defend the Spanish Republic against fascism & the evolution of his political outlook to his eventual disgust with the role of the communists, who wanted to destroy the revolutionary achievements of the militias. The film is lauded for its ability to describe history through the unfolding of events rather than through long-winded speeches or didactic displays. M. Greenberg

The Magna Carta gave specific rights to those who owned land. Here, Menon reports how Indian women find property ownership gives them more power to be heard. There are increasing numbers of women engaged in agricultural work as men migrate to urban areas in search of paid jobs. Although rural women are responsible for 60%-80% of India's food production, only 9% own the land they till, according to government figures. As of 2005, Hindu women can now inherit all property equally, and sons and daughters have equal co-parcenary rights: that is they can be joint heirs to an undivided property. Non-Hindu women on the other do not enjoy such rights. Adapted from the source document.

The culmination of an extraordinary literary project that Herbert Hoover launched during World War II, his "magnum opus"--At last published nearly fifty years after its completion--offers a revisionist reexamination of the war and its cold war aftermath and a sweeping indictment of the "lost statesmanship" of Franklin Roosevelt. Freedom Betrayed: Herbert Hoover's Secret History of the Second World War and Its Aftermath originated as a volume of Hoover's memoirs, a book initially focused on his battle against President Roosevelt's foreign policies before Pearl Harbor. As time went on, however, Hoover widened his scope to include Roosevelt's foreign policies during the war, as well as the war's consequences: the expansion of the Soviet empire at war's end and the eruption of the cold war against the Communists. On issue after issue, Hoover raises crucial questions that continue to be debated to this day. Did Franklin Roosevelt deceitfully maneuver the United States into an undeclared and unconstitutional naval war with Germany in 1941? Did he unnecessarily appease Joseph Stalin at the pivotal Tehran conference in 1943? Did communist agents and sympathizers in the White House, Department of State, and Department of the Treasury play a malign role in some of America's wartime decisions? Hoover raises numerous arguments that challenge us to think again about our past. Whether or not one ultimately accepts his arguments, the exercise of confronting them will be worthwhile to all

Secret police are generally viewed as key institutions in autocrats' repression apparatus. However, we lack clear empirical evidence on the link between secret police and repression. Instead, recent studies indicate that the surveillance provided by secret police reduces physical human rights abuses. This paper re-examines the relationship between secret police and physical state repression. We identify four mechanisms linking these variables, deterrence, targeting, organizational practices, and institutional self-preservation. These mechanisms provide contrasting expectations for the overall relationship but also contextual expectations on when secret police may (not) increase repression. To test these expectations, we collect data on the global existence of secret police. Results indicate that secret police are associated with increased physical repression, particularly when they must develop a reputation to deter dissidents or when multiple rival security organizations exist. In contrast, older, more established secret police or ones without institutional rivals are not associated with physical repression.

Secret police are generally viewed as key institutions in autocrats' repression apparatus. However, we lack clear empirical evidence on the link between secret police and repression. Instead, recent studies indicate that the surveillance provided by secret police reduces physical human rights abuses. This paper re-examines the relationship between secret police and physical state repression. We identify four mechanisms linking these variables, deterrence, targeting, organizational practices, and institutional self-preservation. These mechanisms provide contrasting expectations for the overall relationship but also contextual expectations on when secret police may (not) increase repression. To test these expectations, we collect data on the global existence of secret police. Results indicate that secret police are associated with increased physical repression, particularly when they must develop a reputation to deter dissidents or when multiple rival security organizations exist. In contrast, older, more established secret police or ones without institutional rivals are not associated with physical repression.

Issues related to land resettlement, redistribution, and restitution, and the relationship of access to and use of land with political freedom; 7 articles. Topics include farm workers, gender equality, and land reform in the Orange Free State, the Komaggas reserve in Namaqualand, and Cato Manor in Durban; some comparison with Zimbabwe.